Emerging and Re-emerging health issue- Nursing Wrold
EMERGING & RE-EMERGING HEALTH ISSUE
Emerging Health Issue: Countries in the all
over world continue to be hotspots for emerging and reemerging infectious
diseases. Outbreaks of such diseases have a significant impact on health and economic
development in the world. About maximum countries in the world have reported
epidemics from emerging infectious disease over the past 10 years with the
potential for global spread.
The principal risk factors contributing to the
emergence and rapid spread of epidemic diseases in the Region include acute and
protracted humanitarian emergencies resulting in fragile health systems,
increased population mobility (travel and displacement), rapid urbanization,
climate change, weak surveillance and limited laboratory diagnostic capacity,
and increased human–animal interaction.
Emerging risks are characterized by low or
non-existent scientific knowledge, high levels of uncertainty, and different
levels of acceptability by the relevant authorities and exposed populations.
Emerging risk must be analyzed through multiple and crossed approaches
identifying the phenomenon linked to the emergence of risk but also by
combining scientific, policy and social data in order to provide more
enlightened decision making.
Emerging infectious disease: An infectious
disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some
time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range.
There are emerging
infectious diseases. Our government and other health related society works to
detect, characterise and respond to emerging infectious disease threats.
Emerging infectious
disease:
Ø HIV infections
Ø SARS
Ø Lyme disease
Ø Escherichia coli
O157:H7 (E. coli)
Ø Hantavirus
Ø Dengue fever
Ø West Nile virus and
Ø The Zika virus.
The risk of emerging disease: Traveling abroad can put
you at risk for infectious diseases that are not widespread in the United
States. Travelers who become ill in a country where treatment for these
diseases may be somewhat limited are even more at risk. All people planning
travel should become informed about the potential hazards of the countries they
are traveling to. Learn how to reduce their risk of getting these diseases.
Development of Emerging Health Issue: We use our understanding of
likely routes of infection transfer to develop new interventions. We aim to
identify methods that are practical and affordable, and so would be suitable
for wider scale-up.
For example, we have developed
bamboo skirts to prevent contamination of date palm sap with bat saliva and
urine, an important route for Nipah transmission to humans. We are also working
on interventions to limit spread of avian influenza in live bird markets.
We are evaluating a range of
strategies to prevent disease transmission. These include vaccination of people
and of potential reservoir organisms (e.g. cattle for anthrax, pigs for
Japanese encephalitis). We are also evaluating communication campaigns to
reduce the risk of Nipah infection.
We routinely respond to infectious
disease outbreaks in Bangladesh in partnership with the Institute of
Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), and in collaboration with
the local One Health initiative.
RE-EMERGING
HEALTH ISSUE
Reemerging diseases are diseases that reappear after
they have been on a significant decline. Reemergence may happen because of a
breakdown in public health measures for diseases that were once under control.
They can also happen when new strains of known disease-causing organisms
appear. Human behavior affects reemergence. For example, overuse of
antibioticshas led to disease-causing organisms that are resistant to
medicines. It has allowed a return of diseases that once were treatable and
controllable.
Figure 1 Re-emerging Issue
There are many countries who are suffering from
various type of re-emerging infectious disease. The mission of WHO Health
Emergencies (WHE) Program is to build the capacity of Member States to manage
health emergency risks and, when national capacities are overwhelmed, to lead
and coordinate the international health response to contain outbreaks and to
provide effective relief and recovery to affected populations
There are some re-emerging infectious disease.
Including
v malaria,
v tuberculosis,
v cholera,
v pertussis,
v influenza,
v pneumococcal disease and
v gonorrhea.
Re-emerging health issues in the workplace:
ü Increase in HIV_AIDS
ü Increase in respiratory diseases, UTI
ü Increase in gastrointestinal-related diseases, Crdiovascular
diseases.
ü Persistence of obesity as number one in annual physical
examinations.
ü Resurgence of PTB
ü Substance abuse
Different between emerging and re-emerging disease:
|
Emerging |
Re-emerging |
|
1. Disease that have not occurred in humans
before or that occurred only in small number in isolated places.
2. e. g. HIV infections, SARS, Lyme disease,
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli), hantavirus, dengue fever, West Nile
virus, and the Zika virus.
|
1. Diseases that once were major health problems globally or in
a particular country and then declined dramatically. But are again becoming
health problems for a significant proportion of the population.
2. eg .Malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, pertussis etc.
|
credit: md. Rayhan Ali
RpNC
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