Topic:Tape worm,Pin worm,Hook worm and Round worm infestation.
Introductoin
of Tape worm : Tapeworms are parasitic animals
also known as cestodes. The life cycle of the tapeworm involves
humans as either a primary or intermediate host. Both of these situations cause
infection in humans
Causes/factors of Tape worm: Tapeworm infection
is caused by ingesting food or water contaminated
with tapeworm eggs or larvae. If you ingest
certain tapeworm eggs, they can migrate outside your intestines and
form larval cysts in body tissues and organs (invasive infection).
Type and site of
Tape worm infection:An
adult tapeworm consists of a head, neck and chain of segments called
proglottids. When you have an intestinal tapeworm infection, the tapeworm head
adheres to the intestinal wall, and the proglottids grow and produce eggs.
Mode of transmission: Ingestion of eggs-if you
eat food or drink water contaminated with feces from a person or animal with
tapeworm, you ingest microscopic tapeworm eggs. If this same soil comes in
contact with a food or water source, it becomes contaminated. When an animal
has a tapeworm infection, it has tapeworm larvae in its muscle tissue.
Risk factors: Factors that may put you at greater
risk of tapeworm infection include:
·
Poor hygiene. Infrequent washing and bathing increases the risk of
accidental transfer of contaminated matter to your mouth.
·
Exposure to livestock. This is especially problematic in areas where human and
animal feces are not disposed of properly.
·
Traveling to developing countries. Infection occurs more frequently in
areas with poor sanitation practices.
·
Eating raw or undercooked meats. Improper cooking may fail to kill
tapeworm eggs and larvae contained in contaminated pork or beef.
·
Living in endemic areas. In certain parts of the world, exposure to tapeworm eggs
is more likely.
Pathogenesis and clinical
features : Abdominal
pain,upset stomach,nausea,weight loss,fatigue and restlessness.
Complication,prevention
and control:
·
Digestive blockage. If tapeworms grow large enough, they can block your
appendix, leading to infection (appendicitis); your bile ducts, which carry
bile from your liver and gallbladder to your intestine; or your pancreatic
duct, which carries digestive fluids from your pancreas to your intestine.
·
Brain and central nervous system impairment. Called neurocysticercosis this
especially dangerous complication of invasive pork tapeworm infection can
result in headaches and visual impairment, as well as seizures, meningitis,
hydrocephalus or dementia. Death can occur in severe cases of infection.
·
Organ function disruption. When larvae
migrate to the liver, lungs or other organs, they become cysts.
To prevent tapeworm infection:
·
Wash your hands with
soap and water before eating or handling food and after using the toilet.
·
When traveling in
areas where tapeworm is more common, wash and cook all fruits and vegetables
with safe water before eating. If water might not be safe, be sure to boil it
for at least a minute and then let it cool off before using it.
·
Eliminate livestock
exposure to tapeworm eggs by properly disposing of animal and human feces.
·
Thoroughly cook meat
at temperatures of at least 145 F (63 C) to kill tapeworm eggs or larvae.
·
Freeze meat for as
long as seven to 10 days and fish for at least 24 hours in a freezer with a
temperature of -31 F (-35C) to kill tapeworm eggs and larvae.
·
Avoid eating raw or
undercooked pork, beef and fish.
·
Promptly treat dogs
infected with tapeworm.
Introduction of
pin worm: Pinworm (Enterobius
Vermicularis) Infection , or
enterobiasis, is a common helminth infection that arises when humans drink
water or eat food contaminated by eggs of parasitic pinworms. Enterobiasis is
considered the most common roundworm infection in the United States.
Site
of infection: Pin worm infection
(called enterobiasis or oxyuriasis) causes itching around the anus which can
lead to difficulty sleeping and restlessness. Symptoms are caused by the female
pin worm laying her eggs.Symptoms of pin worm infection usually are mild and
some infected people have no symptoms.
Mode of transmission: The pinworm is a
roundworm, which is the common name of any non-segmented worm located in
freshwater, marine, or terrestrial environments. Roundworms are found almost
anywhere around the world, living frequently in the surface layers of soils.
Pathogenesis and
clinical features:
•
Perianal pruritus is the most common symptoms.
•
It is thought to be an allergic reaction to the
presence of either the adult female or the eggs.
•
Itching of the perianal and vaginal area is commonly
notable ,especially during night.
•
Weight loss is also observed in severe infections.
• Scratching
predisposes to secondary bacterial infection.
Investigation,medical and
nursing management: Diagnosis of pinworm infection is made by an examination of the
patient's anal region. A tape test is usually used, which involves placing the
sticky side of a transparent adhesive or cellophane tape against the skin
around the anus. The procedure should be performed immediately after waking up,
before bathing and using the toilet, so that any eggs in the anal area will be
picked up. The materials that stick to the tape are then examined under a
microscope for the presence of pinworms. The infected person may also see worms
crawling on bed sheets or clothing.
•
Complication,prevention and control: Treatment includes
various antiparasitic drugs that have been found effective in treating the
infection. These drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, piperazine, and
pyrantel pamoate. If one person in a household has the infection, all family
members are often advised to take the drug treatment.
•
These medicines kill the worms about 95% of the time. However, they do
not kill the eggs. To kill the eggs, a second round of medicine is recommended
two weeks after the completion of the first round. If this treatment does not
eliminate the infection.
To avoid becoming re-infected, an array of hygiene practices are
advised, including disinfecting eating utensils and bed linens; cleaning the
toilet daily; keeping fingers away from the nostrils and mouth; bathing when
first waking; changing and washing underwear daily; changing bed clothing
frequently and after each treatment; providing plenty of sunlight or artificial
light (pinworms are light sensitive).
Introduction
of Hook worm: Hookworms are parasitic worms that
can infect humans in countries with poor sanitation and a warm, moist climate.
Site of infection: The larvae and adult worms
live in the small intestine (small bowel) of an infected person or animal. If
an infected person defecates outside (for example, near bushes or in a field)
or if their stool.
Mode
of transmission: The hookworm larvae (immature
worms) are found in soil that's been contaminated with human faeces. The
larvaecan infect people if their bare skin comes intocontact with the
soil for example, if you're walking barefoot..
Pathogenesis
and clinical features:
·
When filariform larva enters the skin,they
cause severe local itching.
·
Erythmatous papular rash may develop .
·
Scratching and secondary bacterial infection
may follow.
·
This condition is called Ground itch,occurs
when large number of larvae penetrate the skin ,more common with necator.
·
Larvae sometimes cause creeping eruption.
Complication:
Abdominal pain,colic or cramping and excessive crying in
infants,intestinal cramps,nausea,fever,blood in stool,a loss of appetite,itchy
rash.
Prevention and control:Do not walk barefoot
in areas where hook worm is common and where there may be fecal contamination of
the soil.Avoid other skin to soil contact and avoid ingestion such soil.Fecal
outdoors or use human feces as fertilizer.
Round worm
introduction: Roundworm
a type of parasitic worm that hatches in the intestines and lives there. The
eggs of the roundworm usually enter the body through contaminated
water or food or on fingers placed in the mouth after the hands have touched a contaminated
object.
Site of infection: Round
worm can live in humans and can cause many problems.They are usually found in
soil,stool and can enter the body through the mouth or direct contact with the
skin.They can live in the human intestine for a very long time.
Mode of transmission: Transmission occurs
when eggs are swallowed from soil contaminated with human faeces or consumed
with produce contaminated with soil containing infective eggs.Transmission does
not occur from direct person-to-person contact or from fresh faeces.
Pathogenesis and clinical
feature:
Many people have few or no symptoms. Often the first symptom is live worms
being passed in the stool or occasionally from the mouth, anus or nose.In mild
or moderate ascariasis, the intestinal infestation can cause vague abdominal
pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or bloody stools.In heavy intestinal
infestations, patients may experience severe abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting,
weight loss and a worm or worms in vomit or stool.
Complications: Heavy infestation
may aggravate nutritional deficiencies and impair growth in children or cause
intestinal blockage by a bolus of worms. Obstruction of the bile duct,
pancreatic duct or appendix by one or more adult worms can occur.Patients with
pulmonary conditions caused by larval migration are characterised by wheezing,
cough, fever, eosinophilia and pulmonary infiltration.
Prevention: Avoid contact with
soil that may be contaminated with human faeces and avoid using manure
fertiliser potentially containing human faeces.Promote effective hand hygiene,
particularly before preparing or consuming food or feeding children.Wash, peel
or cook all raw vegetables and fruits before eating.Teach children the
importance of hand hygiene to prevent infection.
Control: Avoid contact with
soil that may be contaminated with human faeces and avoid using manure
fertiliser potentially containing human faeces.Promote effective hand hygiene,
particularly before preparing or consuming food or feeding children.Wash, peel
or cook all raw vegetables and fruits before eating.Teach children the
importance of hand hygiene to prevent infection.
References:
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